Source code for pyNN.standardmodels

# encoding: utf-8
"""
Machinery for implementation of "standard models", i.e. neuron and synapse models
that are available in multiple simulators:

Functions:
    build_translations()

Classes:
    StandardModelType
    StandardCellType
    ModelNotAvailable
    STDPWeightDependence
    STDPTimingDependence

:copyright: Copyright 2006-2020 by the PyNN team, see AUTHORS.
:license: CeCILL, see LICENSE for details.

"""

from pyNN import errors, models
from pyNN.parameters import ParameterSpace
import numpy
from pyNN.core import is_listlike, itervalues
from copy import deepcopy
import neo
import quantities as pq


# ==============================================================================
#   Standard cells
# ==============================================================================


def build_translations(*translation_list):
    """
    Build a translation dictionary from a list of translations/transformations.
    """
    translations = {}
    for item in translation_list:
        assert 2 <= len(item) <= 4, "Translation tuples must have between 2 and 4 items. Actual content: %s" % str(item)
        pynn_name = item[0]
        sim_name = item[1]
        if len(item) == 2:  # no transformation
            f = pynn_name
            g = sim_name
        elif len(item) == 3:  # simple multiplicative factor
            scale_factor = item[2]
            f = "float(%g)*%s" % (scale_factor, pynn_name)
            g = "%s/float(%g)" % (sim_name, scale_factor)
        elif len(item) == 4:  # more complex transformation
            f = item[2]
            g = item[3]
        translations[pynn_name] = {'translated_name': sim_name,
                                   'forward_transform': f,
                                   'reverse_transform': g}
    return translations


class StandardModelType(models.BaseModelType):
    """Base class for standardized cell model and synapse model classes."""

    translations = {}
    extra_parameters = {}

    @property
    def native_parameters(self):
        """
        A :class:`ParameterSpace` containing parameter names and values
        translated from the standard PyNN names and units to simulator-specific
        ("native") names and units.
        """
        return self.translate(self.parameter_space)

    def translate(self, parameters, copy=True):
        """Translate standardized model parameters to simulator-specific parameters."""
        if copy:
            _parameters = deepcopy(parameters)
        else:
            _parameters = parameters
        cls = self.__class__
        if parameters.schema != self.get_schema():
            raise Exception("Schemas do not match: %s != %s" % (parameters.schema, self.get_schema()))  # should replace this with a PyNN-specific exception type
        native_parameters = {}
        for name in parameters.keys():
            D = self.translations[name]
            pname = D['translated_name']
            if callable(D['forward_transform']):
                pval = D['forward_transform'](**_parameters)
            else:
                try:
                    pval = eval(D['forward_transform'], globals(), _parameters)
                except NameError as errmsg:
                    raise NameError("Problem translating '%s' in %s. Transform: '%s'. Parameters: %s. %s"
                                    % (pname, cls.__name__, D['forward_transform'], parameters, errmsg))
                except ZeroDivisionError:
                    raise
                    #pval = 1e30 # this is about the highest value hoc can deal with
            native_parameters[pname] = pval
        return ParameterSpace(native_parameters, schema=None, shape=parameters.shape)

    def reverse_translate(self, native_parameters):
        """Translate simulator-specific model parameters to standardized parameters."""
        cls = self.__class__
        standard_parameters = {}
        for name, D in self.translations.items():
            tname = D['translated_name']
            if tname in native_parameters.keys():
                if callable(D['reverse_transform']):
                    standard_parameters[name] = D['reverse_transform'](**native_parameters)
                else:
                    try:
                        standard_parameters[name] = eval(D['reverse_transform'], {}, native_parameters)
                    except NameError as errmsg:
                        raise NameError("Problem translating '%s' in %s. Transform: '%s'. Parameters: %s. %s"
                                        % (name, cls.__name__, D['reverse_transform'], native_parameters, errmsg))
        return ParameterSpace(standard_parameters, schema=self.get_schema(), shape=native_parameters.shape)

    def simple_parameters(self):
        """Return a list of parameters for which there is a one-to-one
        correspondance between standard and native parameter values."""
        return [name for name in self.translations if self.translations[name]['forward_transform'] == name]

    def scaled_parameters(self):
        """Return a list of parameters for which there is a unit change between
        standard and native parameter values."""
        def scaling(trans):
            return (not callable(trans)) and ("float" in trans)
        return [name for name in self.translations if scaling(self.translations[name]['forward_transform'])]

    def computed_parameters(self):
        """Return a list of parameters whose values must be computed from
        more than one other parameter."""
        return [name for name in self.translations if name not in self.simple_parameters() + self.scaled_parameters()]

    def get_native_names(self, *names):
        """
        Return a list of native parameter names for a given model.
        """
        if names:
            translations = (self.translations[name] for name in names)
        else:  # return all names
            translations = itervalues(self.translations)
        return [D['translated_name'] for D in translations]


[docs]class StandardCellType(StandardModelType, models.BaseCellType): """Base class for standardized cell model classes.""" recordable = ['spikes', 'v', 'gsyn'] receptor_types = ('excitatory', 'inhibitory') always_local = False # override for NEST spike sources
class StandardCurrentSource(StandardModelType, models.BaseCurrentSource): """Base class for standardized current source model classes.""" def inject_into(self, cells): """ Inject the current from this source into the supplied group of cells. `cells` may be a :class:`Population`, :class:`PopulationView`, :class:`Assembly` or a list of :class:`ID` objects. """ raise NotImplementedError("Should be redefined in the local simulator electrodes") def __getattr__(self, name): if name == "set": errmsg = "For current sources, set values using the parameter name directly, " \ "e.g. source.amplitude = 0.5, or use 'set_parameters()' " \ "e.g. source.set_parameters(amplitude=0.5)" raise AttributeError(errmsg) try: val = self.__getattribute__(name) except AttributeError: try: val = self.get_parameters()[name] except KeyError: raise errors.NonExistentParameterError(name, self.__class__.__name__, self.get_parameter_names()) return val def __setattr__(self, name, value): if self.has_parameter(name): self.set_parameters(**{name: value}) else: object.__setattr__(self, name, value) def set_parameters(self, copy=True, **parameters): """ Set current source parameters, given as a sequence of parameter=value arguments. """ # if some of the parameters are computed from the values of other # parameters, need to get and translate all parameters computed_parameters = self.computed_parameters() have_computed_parameters = numpy.any([p_name in computed_parameters for p_name in parameters]) if have_computed_parameters: all_parameters = self.get_parameters() all_parameters.update(parameters) parameters = all_parameters else: parameters = ParameterSpace(parameters, self.get_schema(), (1,)) parameters = self.translate(parameters, copy=copy) self.set_native_parameters(parameters) def get_parameters(self): """Return a dict of all current source parameters.""" parameters = self.get_native_parameters() parameters = self.reverse_translate(parameters) return parameters def set_native_parameters(self, parameters): raise NotImplementedError def get_native_parameters(self): raise NotImplementedError def _round_timestamp(self, value, resolution): # todo: consider using decimals module, since rounding of floating point numbers is so horrible return numpy.rint(value/resolution) * resolution def get_data(self): """Return the recorded current as a Neo signal object""" t_arr, i_arr = self._get_data() intervals = numpy.diff(t_arr) if intervals.size > 0 and intervals.max() - intervals.min() < 1e-9: signal = neo.AnalogSignal(i_arr, units="nA", t_start=t_arr[0] * pq.ms, sampling_period=intervals[0] * pq.ms) else: signal = neo.IrregularlySampledSignal(t_arr, i_arr, units="nA", time_units="ms") return signal class ModelNotAvailable(object): """Not available for this simulator.""" def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): raise NotImplementedError("The %s model is not available for this simulator." % self.__class__.__name__) # ============================================================================== # Synapse Dynamics classes # ============================================================================== def check_weights(weights, projection): # if projection.post is an Assembly, some components might have cond-synapses, others curr, # so need a more sophisticated check here. For now, skipping check and emitting a warning if hasattr(projection.post, "_homogeneous_synapses") and not projection.post._homogeneous_synapses: warnings.warn("Not checking weights due to due mixture of synapse types") if isinstance(weights, numpy.ndarray): all_negative = (weights <= 0).all() all_positive = (weights >= 0).all() if not (all_negative or all_positive): raise errors.ConnectionError("Weights must be either all positive or all negative") elif numpy.isreal(weights): all_positive = weights >= 0 all_negative = weights <= 0 else: raise errors.ConnectionError("Weights must be a number or an array of numbers.") if projection.post.conductance_based or projection.receptor_type == 'excitatory': if not all_positive: raise errors.ConnectionError( "Weights must be positive for conductance-based and/or excitatory synapses" ) elif projection.post.conductance_based is False and projection.receptor_type == 'inhibitory': if not all_negative: raise errors.ConnectionError( "Weights must be negative for current-based, inhibitory synapses" ) else: # This should never happen. raise Exception("Can't check weight, conductance status unknown.") def check_delays(delays, projection): min_delay = projection._simulator.state.min_delay max_delay = projection._simulator.state.max_delay if isinstance(delays, numpy.ndarray): below_max = (delays <= max_delay).all() above_min = (delays >= min_delay).all() in_range = below_max and above_min elif numpy.isreal(delays): in_range = min_delay <= delays <= max_delay else: raise errors.ConnectionError("Delays must be a number or an array of numbers.") if not in_range: raise errors.ConnectionError("Delay (%s) is out of range [%s, %s]" % (delays, min_delay, max_delay))
[docs]class StandardSynapseType(StandardModelType, models.BaseSynapseType): parameter_checks = { 'weight': check_weights, #'delay': check_delays # this needs to be revisited in the context of min_delay = "auto" }
[docs] def get_schema(self): """ Returns the model schema: i.e. a mapping of parameter names to allowed parameter types. """ base_schema = dict((name, type(value)) for name, value in self.default_parameters.items()) base_schema['delay'] = float # delay has default value None, meaning "use the minimum delay", so we have to correct the auto-generated schema return base_schema
[docs]class STDPWeightDependence(StandardModelType): """Base class for models of STDP weight dependence.""" def __init__(self, **parameters): StandardModelType.__init__(self, **parameters)
[docs]class STDPTimingDependence(StandardModelType): """Base class for models of STDP timing dependence (triplets, etc)""" def __init__(self, **parameters): StandardModelType.__init__(self, **parameters)